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hello and welcome to future path I'm

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hello and welcome to future path I'm
 

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hello and welcome to future path I'm
amreeka forsteri director of external

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amreeka forsteri director of external
 

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amreeka forsteri director of external
affairs at the NASA Lewis Research

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affairs at the NASA Lewis Research
 

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affairs at the NASA Lewis Research
Center in Cleveland Ohio in NASA's goal

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Center in Cleveland Ohio in NASA's goal
 

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Center in Cleveland Ohio in NASA's goal
is to try to fly higher further and

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is to try to fly higher further and
 

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is to try to fly higher further and
faster new materials and structures are

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faster new materials and structures are
 

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faster new materials and structures are
required to meet these goals in today's

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required to meet these goals in today's
 

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required to meet these goals in today's
segment we're going to look at some of

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segment we're going to look at some of
 

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segment we're going to look at some of
the things being done in our structures

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the things being done in our structures
 

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the things being done in our structures
division structures for flight

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division structures for flight
 

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division structures for flight
propulsion I think you'll find it

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propulsion I think you'll find it
 

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propulsion I think you'll find it
interesting let's watch flight in the

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interesting let's watch flight in the
 

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interesting let's watch flight in the
air or in space requires propulsion

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air or in space requires propulsion
 

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air or in space requires propulsion
systems able to withstand extremes of

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systems able to withstand extremes of
 

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systems able to withstand extremes of
mechanical stress vibration and

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mechanical stress vibration and
 

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mechanical stress vibration and
temperatures designing these structures

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temperatures designing these structures
 

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temperatures designing these structures
and matching available materials to the

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and matching available materials to the
 

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and matching available materials to the
job has always been a complicated

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job has always been a complicated
 

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job has always been a complicated
business and is becoming more so

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business and is becoming more so
 

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business and is becoming more so
requiring safety and reliability from

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requiring safety and reliability from
 

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requiring safety and reliability from
structures needing minimum maintenance

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structures needing minimum maintenance
 

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structures needing minimum maintenance
having the least possible weight poses a

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having the least possible weight poses a
 

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having the least possible weight poses a
basic contradiction which can be

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basic contradiction which can be
 

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basic contradiction which can be
resolved only by the most sophisticated

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resolved only by the most sophisticated
 

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resolved only by the most sophisticated
analytic methods the Lewis research

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analytic methods the Lewis research
 

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analytic methods the Lewis research
structures division is dedicated to

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structures division is dedicated to
 

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structures division is dedicated to
advancing the state of the art of

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advancing the state of the art of
 

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advancing the state of the art of
structures technology or aeronautical

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structures technology or aeronautical
 

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structures technology or aeronautical
space and terrestrial applications the

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space and terrestrial applications the
 

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space and terrestrial applications the
principal product of the division is the

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principal product of the division is the
 

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principal product of the division is the
development of validated analytic

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development of validated analytic
 

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development of validated analytic
methods to predict the behavior of

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methods to predict the behavior of
 

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methods to predict the behavior of
structural components and systems or

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structural components and systems or
 

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structural components and systems or
aerospace propulsion and power machinery

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aerospace propulsion and power machinery
 

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aerospace propulsion and power machinery
division provides not only solutions to

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division provides not only solutions to
 

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division provides not only solutions to
problems encountered in current

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problems encountered in current
 

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problems encountered in current
applications but also leadership in

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applications but also leadership in
 

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applications but also leadership in
setting new directions for structures

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setting new directions for structures
 

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setting new directions for structures
engineering to solve tomorrow's problems

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engineering to solve tomorrow's problems
 

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engineering to solve tomorrow's problems
today the purpose of the structures

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today the purpose of the structures
 

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today the purpose of the structures
division at Lewis research center is to

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division at Lewis research center is to
 

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division at Lewis research center is to
develop advanced credible design tools

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develop advanced credible design tools
 

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develop advanced credible design tools
these tools can then be used by

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these tools can then be used by
 

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these tools can then be used by
designers

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designers
 

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designers
to design advanced concepts for future

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to design advanced concepts for future
 

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to design advanced concepts for future
missions both in aeronautics and in

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missions both in aeronautics and in
 

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missions both in aeronautics and in
space we develop these methods for use

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space we develop these methods for use
 

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space we develop these methods for use
on high-speed computers and they are

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on high-speed computers and they are
 

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on high-speed computers and they are
validated with the state-of-the-art

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validated with the state-of-the-art
 

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validated with the state-of-the-art
laboratory equipment we can predict the

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laboratory equipment we can predict the
 

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laboratory equipment we can predict the
life that is the number of missions that

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life that is the number of missions that
 

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life that is the number of missions that
can be flown by the advanced concept and

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can be flown by the advanced concept and
 

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can be flown by the advanced concept and
we can optimize the design both from the

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we can optimize the design both from the
 

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we can optimize the design both from the
point of view of minimum weight or from

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point of view of minimum weight or from
 

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point of view of minimum weight or from
the point of view of lowest cost

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breakthroughs in flight usually follow

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breakthroughs in flight usually follow
 

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breakthroughs in flight usually follow
developments in propulsion systems in

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developments in propulsion systems in
 

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developments in propulsion systems in
the early days of flight structures

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the early days of flight structures
 

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the early days of flight structures
design was a combination of art and

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design was a combination of art and
 

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design was a combination of art and
trial and error if you are developing a

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trial and error if you are developing a
 

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trial and error if you are developing a
rocket you built an engine derived from

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rocket you built an engine derived from
 

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rocket you built an engine derived from
earlier designs to be sure it didn't

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earlier designs to be sure it didn't
 

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earlier designs to be sure it didn't
fail you made it sturdier heavy as

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fail you made it sturdier heavy as
 

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fail you made it sturdier heavy as
technology advanced lighter stronger

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technology advanced lighter stronger
 

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technology advanced lighter stronger
materials and improve manufacturing

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materials and improve manufacturing
 

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materials and improve manufacturing
methods made the impossible possible but

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methods made the impossible possible but
 

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methods made the impossible possible but
mistakes were still made and the results

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mistakes were still made and the results
 

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mistakes were still made and the results
were spectacular and costly failures the

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were spectacular and costly failures the
 

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were spectacular and costly failures the
job of the structures division is to

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job of the structures division is to
 

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job of the structures division is to
make sure such accidents will no longer

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make sure such accidents will no longer
 

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make sure such accidents will no longer
occur they do this by applying the

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occur they do this by applying the
 

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occur they do this by applying the
latest scientific analysis possible and

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latest scientific analysis possible and
 

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latest scientific analysis possible and
by using the most up-to-date testing

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by using the most up-to-date testing
 

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by using the most up-to-date testing
equipment and methods available to do

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equipment and methods available to do
 

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equipment and methods available to do
this the staff of scientists engineers

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this the staff of scientists engineers
 

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this the staff of scientists engineers
and technicians of the division perform

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and technicians of the division perform
 

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and technicians of the division perform
work in structural mechanics structural

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work in structural mechanics structural
 

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work in structural mechanics structural
dynamics fatigue fracture and on

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dynamics fatigue fracture and on
 

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dynamics fatigue fracture and on
projects and applications some of the

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projects and applications some of the
 

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projects and applications some of the
work in structural mechanics includes

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work in structural mechanics includes
 

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work in structural mechanics includes
characterizing the properties of metals

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characterizing the properties of metals
 

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characterizing the properties of metals
used in propulsion systems by subjecting

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used in propulsion systems by subjecting
 

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used in propulsion systems by subjecting
specimens to stress and varying

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specimens to stress and varying
 

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specimens to stress and varying
temperatures researchers can predict

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temperatures researchers can predict
 

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temperatures researchers can predict
maximum loading and operating

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maximum loading and operating
 

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maximum loading and operating
temperatures and testing is performed at

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temperatures and testing is performed at
 

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temperatures and testing is performed at
very high temperatures on materials that

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very high temperatures on materials that
 

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very high temperatures on materials that
will be used at places like the leading

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will be used at places like the leading
 

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will be used at places like the leading
edge of the National aerospace plane

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edge of the National aerospace plane
 

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edge of the National aerospace plane
cowl

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the work in structural dynamics focuses

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the work in structural dynamics focuses
 

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the work in structural dynamics focuses
on the forces affecting bodies in motion

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on the forces affecting bodies in motion
 

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on the forces affecting bodies in motion
when the turbine in a jet engine loses a

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when the turbine in a jet engine loses a
 

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when the turbine in a jet engine loses a
blade or even during a very hard landing

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blade or even during a very hard landing
 

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blade or even during a very hard landing
the vibrations that occur can cause a

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the vibrations that occur can cause a
 

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the vibrations that occur can cause a
propulsion system to fail tests in

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propulsion system to fail tests in
 

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propulsion system to fail tests in
dynamics can simulate a blade boss

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dynamics can simulate a blade boss
 

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dynamics can simulate a blade boss
condition to provide test data to

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condition to provide test data to
 

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condition to provide test data to
compare with simulation models any

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compare with simulation models any
 

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compare with simulation models any
rotating machine will tend to vibrate at

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rotating machine will tend to vibrate at
 

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rotating machine will tend to vibrate at
certain critical speeds and since modern

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certain critical speeds and since modern
 

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certain critical speeds and since modern
rotating equipment is required to

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rotating equipment is required to
 

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rotating equipment is required to
operate at ever higher speeds this

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operate at ever higher speeds this
 

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operate at ever higher speeds this
problem is increasingly important

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problem is increasingly important
 

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problem is increasingly important
research in the division is developing

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research in the division is developing
 

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research in the division is developing
methods for both active feedback and

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methods for both active feedback and
 

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methods for both active feedback and
passive suppression to permit operation

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passive suppression to permit operation
 

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passive suppression to permit operation
of equipment above critical speeds and

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of equipment above critical speeds and
 

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of equipment above critical speeds and
to reduce bearing wear high-speed

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to reduce bearing wear high-speed
 

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to reduce bearing wear high-speed
computer simulation is required for the

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computer simulation is required for the
 

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computer simulation is required for the
full dynamic analysis of rotating

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full dynamic analysis of rotating
 

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full dynamic analysis of rotating
machinery parallel computing developed

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machinery parallel computing developed
 

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machinery parallel computing developed
in the division is making this possible

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in the division is making this possible
 

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in the division is making this possible
by combining a large number of

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by combining a large number of
 

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by combining a large number of
processors in one transfuser

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processors in one transfuser
 

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processors in one transfuser
computations can be performed rapidly

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computations can be performed rapidly
 

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computations can be performed rapidly
enough to study high speed vibrations of

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enough to study high speed vibrations of
 

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enough to study high speed vibrations of
rotating components

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you

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studies in fatigue and fracture analysis

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studies in fatigue and fracture analysis
 

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studies in fatigue and fracture analysis
are performed in many of the structures

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are performed in many of the structures
 

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are performed in many of the structures
divisions labs both destructive and

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divisions labs both destructive and
 

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divisions labs both destructive and
non-destructive methods are used to

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non-destructive methods are used to
 

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non-destructive methods are used to
evaluate and characterize new materials

248
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evaluate and characterize new materials
 

249
00:05:58,470 --> 00:06:01,160
evaluate and characterize new materials
and sometimes a combination of both are

250
00:06:01,160 --> 00:06:01,170
and sometimes a combination of both are
 

251
00:06:01,170 --> 00:06:04,210
and sometimes a combination of both are
used to improve the analytical process

252
00:06:04,210 --> 00:06:04,220
used to improve the analytical process
 

253
00:06:04,220 --> 00:06:06,680
used to improve the analytical process
much of this work is directed toward

254
00:06:06,680 --> 00:06:06,690
much of this work is directed toward
 

255
00:06:06,690 --> 00:06:08,630
much of this work is directed toward
characterizing and understanding

256
00:06:08,630 --> 00:06:08,640
characterizing and understanding
 

257
00:06:08,640 --> 00:06:12,410
characterizing and understanding
advanced material systems as an example

258
00:06:12,410 --> 00:06:12,420
advanced material systems as an example
 

259
00:06:12,420 --> 00:06:15,740
advanced material systems as an example
researchers in the division sonic map a

260
00:06:15,740 --> 00:06:15,750
researchers in the division sonic map a
 

261
00:06:15,750 --> 00:06:18,350
researchers in the division sonic map a
ceramic disc and send the data to a

262
00:06:18,350 --> 00:06:18,360
ceramic disc and send the data to a
 

263
00:06:18,360 --> 00:06:21,500
ceramic disc and send the data to a
computer the computer outputs a color

264
00:06:21,500 --> 00:06:21,510
computer the computer outputs a color
 

265
00:06:21,510 --> 00:06:24,580
computer the computer outputs a color
simulation showing variations in density

266
00:06:24,580 --> 00:06:24,590
simulation showing variations in density
 

267
00:06:24,590 --> 00:06:27,050
simulation showing variations in density
defining areas where fractures should

268
00:06:27,050 --> 00:06:27,060
defining areas where fractures should
 

269
00:06:27,060 --> 00:06:30,200
defining areas where fractures should
occur later the disc is placed in a

270
00:06:30,200 --> 00:06:30,210
occur later the disc is placed in a
 

271
00:06:30,210 --> 00:06:32,740
occur later the disc is placed in a
hydrostatic chamber and fractured the

272
00:06:32,740 --> 00:06:32,750
hydrostatic chamber and fractured the
 

273
00:06:32,750 --> 00:06:36,260
hydrostatic chamber and fractured the
actual fracture disk is then compared to

274
00:06:36,260 --> 00:06:36,270
actual fracture disk is then compared to
 

275
00:06:36,270 --> 00:06:38,950
actual fracture disk is then compared to
the computer model for verification

276
00:06:38,950 --> 00:06:38,960
the computer model for verification
 

277
00:06:38,960 --> 00:06:42,050
the computer model for verification
division researchers also test advanced

278
00:06:42,050 --> 00:06:42,060
division researchers also test advanced
 

279
00:06:42,060 --> 00:06:44,270
division researchers also test advanced
fiber reinforced composite materials

280
00:06:44,270 --> 00:06:44,280
fiber reinforced composite materials
 

281
00:06:44,280 --> 00:06:47,320
fiber reinforced composite materials
under varied loads expected in aerospace

282
00:06:47,320 --> 00:06:47,330
under varied loads expected in aerospace
 

283
00:06:47,330 --> 00:06:50,450
under varied loads expected in aerospace
applications data collected from these

284
00:06:50,450 --> 00:06:50,460
applications data collected from these
 

285
00:06:50,460 --> 00:06:53,090
applications data collected from these
tests are used to verify mathematical

286
00:06:53,090 --> 00:06:53,100
tests are used to verify mathematical
 

287
00:06:53,100 --> 00:06:55,400
tests are used to verify mathematical
models which describe the material

288
00:06:55,400 --> 00:06:55,410
models which describe the material
 

289
00:06:55,410 --> 00:06:57,650
models which describe the material
behavior these models are then

290
00:06:57,650 --> 00:06:57,660
behavior these models are then
 

291
00:06:57,660 --> 00:07:00,020
behavior these models are then
incorporated into NASA computer codes

292
00:07:00,020 --> 00:07:00,030
incorporated into NASA computer codes
 

293
00:07:00,030 --> 00:07:02,450
incorporated into NASA computer codes
used to predict the performance of

294
00:07:02,450 --> 00:07:02,460
used to predict the performance of
 

295
00:07:02,460 --> 00:07:04,790
used to predict the performance of
composite structures in a variety of

296
00:07:04,790 --> 00:07:04,800
composite structures in a variety of
 

297
00:07:04,800 --> 00:07:08,480
composite structures in a variety of
applications beyond solving the problems

298
00:07:08,480 --> 00:07:08,490
applications beyond solving the problems
 

299
00:07:08,490 --> 00:07:10,730
applications beyond solving the problems
which can lead to failures the division

300
00:07:10,730 --> 00:07:10,740
which can lead to failures the division
 

301
00:07:10,740 --> 00:07:12,500
which can lead to failures the division
provides leadership in developing new

302
00:07:12,500 --> 00:07:12,510
provides leadership in developing new
 

303
00:07:12,510 --> 00:07:14,750
provides leadership in developing new
concepts and integrating information

304
00:07:14,750 --> 00:07:14,760
concepts and integrating information
 

305
00:07:14,760 --> 00:07:17,780
concepts and integrating information
from many sources for application in

306
00:07:17,780 --> 00:07:17,790
from many sources for application in
 

307
00:07:17,790 --> 00:07:21,140
from many sources for application in
areas ranging from windmills to the

308
00:07:21,140 --> 00:07:21,150
areas ranging from windmills to the
 

309
00:07:21,150 --> 00:07:23,270
areas ranging from windmills to the
Space Shuttle main engines from

310
00:07:23,270 --> 00:07:23,280
Space Shuttle main engines from
 

311
00:07:23,280 --> 00:07:25,910
Space Shuttle main engines from
fuel-efficient propellers to computer

312
00:07:25,910 --> 00:07:25,920
fuel-efficient propellers to computer
 

313
00:07:25,920 --> 00:07:27,830
fuel-efficient propellers to computer
codes for production design and

314
00:07:27,830 --> 00:07:27,840
codes for production design and
 

315
00:07:27,840 --> 00:07:31,280
codes for production design and
propulsion systems simulations the work

316
00:07:31,280 --> 00:07:31,290
propulsion systems simulations the work
 

317
00:07:31,290 --> 00:07:32,870
propulsion systems simulations the work
of the division provides verified

318
00:07:32,870 --> 00:07:32,880
of the division provides verified
 

319
00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:35,360
of the division provides verified
mathematical models and computer codes

320
00:07:35,360 --> 00:07:35,370
mathematical models and computer codes
 

321
00:07:35,370 --> 00:07:37,640
mathematical models and computer codes
that are key elements of today's

322
00:07:37,640 --> 00:07:37,650
that are key elements of today's
 

323
00:07:37,650 --> 00:07:40,460
that are key elements of today's
computer based design analyses for

324
00:07:40,460 --> 00:07:40,470
computer based design analyses for
 

325
00:07:40,470 --> 00:07:42,710
computer based design analyses for
flight propulsion systems as well as

326
00:07:42,710 --> 00:07:42,720
flight propulsion systems as well as
 

327
00:07:42,720 --> 00:07:45,310
flight propulsion systems as well as
many other systems with similar problems

328
00:07:45,310 --> 00:07:45,320
many other systems with similar problems
 

329
00:07:45,320 --> 00:07:47,690
many other systems with similar problems
using the products of the structures

330
00:07:47,690 --> 00:07:47,700
using the products of the structures
 

331
00:07:47,700 --> 00:07:50,270
using the products of the structures
division designers can better predict

332
00:07:50,270 --> 00:07:50,280
division designers can better predict
 

333
00:07:50,280 --> 00:07:52,670
division designers can better predict
the life of a component by constructing

334
00:07:52,670 --> 00:07:52,680
the life of a component by constructing
 

335
00:07:52,680 --> 00:07:55,400
the life of a component by constructing
it on the computer thereby saving time

336
00:07:55,400 --> 00:07:55,410
it on the computer thereby saving time
 

337
00:07:55,410 --> 00:07:56,959
it on the computer thereby saving time
and material while

338
00:07:56,959 --> 00:07:56,969
and material while
 

339
00:07:56,969 --> 00:08:00,109
and material while
venting costly failure future aerospace

340
00:08:00,109 --> 00:08:00,119
venting costly failure future aerospace
 

341
00:08:00,119 --> 00:08:02,479
venting costly failure future aerospace
systems will require advanced capability

342
00:08:02,479 --> 00:08:02,489
systems will require advanced capability
 

343
00:08:02,489 --> 00:08:05,559
systems will require advanced capability
on board computation and real-time

344
00:08:05,559 --> 00:08:05,569
on board computation and real-time
 

345
00:08:05,569 --> 00:08:08,419
on board computation and real-time
sensors will combine to make it possible

346
00:08:08,419 --> 00:08:08,429
sensors will combine to make it possible
 

347
00:08:08,429 --> 00:08:10,039
sensors will combine to make it possible
to monitor the health of advanced

348
00:08:10,039 --> 00:08:10,049
to monitor the health of advanced
 

349
00:08:10,049 --> 00:08:12,319
to monitor the health of advanced
systems active elements could be

350
00:08:12,319 --> 00:08:12,329
systems active elements could be
 

351
00:08:12,329 --> 00:08:14,299
systems active elements could be
included to make it possible to suppress

352
00:08:14,299 --> 00:08:14,309
included to make it possible to suppress
 

353
00:08:14,309 --> 00:08:17,029
included to make it possible to suppress
dynamic instabilities structural

354
00:08:17,029 --> 00:08:17,039
dynamic instabilities structural
 

355
00:08:17,039 --> 00:08:19,369
dynamic instabilities structural
tailoring to account for local stresses

356
00:08:19,369 --> 00:08:19,379
tailoring to account for local stresses
 

357
00:08:19,379 --> 00:08:21,439
tailoring to account for local stresses
and local hot spots may be the only way

358
00:08:21,439 --> 00:08:21,449
and local hot spots may be the only way
 

359
00:08:21,449 --> 00:08:23,299
and local hot spots may be the only way
to take advantage of the new lightweight

360
00:08:23,299 --> 00:08:23,309
to take advantage of the new lightweight
 

361
00:08:23,309 --> 00:08:25,369
to take advantage of the new lightweight
high temperature yet very brittle

362
00:08:25,369 --> 00:08:25,379
high temperature yet very brittle
 

363
00:08:25,379 --> 00:08:28,909
high temperature yet very brittle
materials computational simulation will

364
00:08:28,909 --> 00:08:28,919
materials computational simulation will
 

365
00:08:28,919 --> 00:08:31,579
materials computational simulation will
allow designers to make rapid affordable

366
00:08:31,579 --> 00:08:31,589
allow designers to make rapid affordable
 

367
00:08:31,589 --> 00:08:34,939
allow designers to make rapid affordable
and feasible designs probabilistic

368
00:08:34,939 --> 00:08:34,949
and feasible designs probabilistic
 

369
00:08:34,949 --> 00:08:37,219
and feasible designs probabilistic
methods will allow designers to quantify

370
00:08:37,219 --> 00:08:37,229
methods will allow designers to quantify
 

371
00:08:37,229 --> 00:08:39,639
methods will allow designers to quantify
risk and make trade-offs between

372
00:08:39,639 --> 00:08:39,649
risk and make trade-offs between
 

373
00:08:39,649 --> 00:08:42,920
risk and make trade-offs between
performance and life combination these

374
00:08:42,920 --> 00:08:42,930
performance and life combination these
 

375
00:08:42,930 --> 00:08:44,869
performance and life combination these
capabilities will allow those designers

376
00:08:44,869 --> 00:08:44,879
capabilities will allow those designers
 

377
00:08:44,879 --> 00:08:47,240
capabilities will allow those designers
to operate and design closer to the

378
00:08:47,240 --> 00:08:47,250
to operate and design closer to the
 

379
00:08:47,250 --> 00:08:50,840
to operate and design closer to the
limits such capability will allow us to

380
00:08:50,840 --> 00:08:50,850
limits such capability will allow us to
 

381
00:08:50,850 --> 00:08:52,610
limits such capability will allow us to
build systems that we couldn't build

382
00:08:52,610 --> 00:08:52,620
build systems that we couldn't build
 

383
00:08:52,620 --> 00:08:55,220
build systems that we couldn't build
before to carry out missions that

384
00:08:55,220 --> 00:08:55,230
before to carry out missions that
 

385
00:08:55,230 --> 00:08:57,829
before to carry out missions that
conceivably couldn't be carried out with

386
00:08:57,829 --> 00:08:57,839
conceivably couldn't be carried out with
 

387
00:08:57,839 --> 00:08:59,050
conceivably couldn't be carried out with
the development of these capabilities

388
00:08:59,050 --> 00:08:59,060
the development of these capabilities
 

389
00:08:59,060 --> 00:09:01,400
the development of these capabilities
the structures division hopes to play a

390
00:09:01,400 --> 00:09:01,410
the structures division hopes to play a
 

391
00:09:01,410 --> 00:09:04,509
the structures division hopes to play a
major part in bringing them about a

392
00:09:04,509 --> 00:09:04,519
major part in bringing them about a
 

393
00:09:04,519 --> 00:09:07,160
major part in bringing them about a
special combination of experienced

394
00:09:07,160 --> 00:09:07,170
special combination of experienced
 

395
00:09:07,170 --> 00:09:10,699
special combination of experienced
in-house staff and facilities in the

396
00:09:10,699 --> 00:09:10,709
in-house staff and facilities in the
 

397
00:09:10,709 --> 00:09:13,699
in-house staff and facilities in the
Lewis research structures division has

398
00:09:13,699 --> 00:09:13,709
Lewis research structures division has
 

399
00:09:13,709 --> 00:09:16,400
Lewis research structures division has
been tailored to meet the challenges and

400
00:09:16,400 --> 00:09:16,410
been tailored to meet the challenges and
 

401
00:09:16,410 --> 00:09:19,009
been tailored to meet the challenges and
needs of a new age of spaceflight and

402
00:09:19,009 --> 00:09:19,019
needs of a new age of spaceflight and
 

403
00:09:19,019 --> 00:09:22,429
needs of a new age of spaceflight and
aviation the work of the division

404
00:09:22,429 --> 00:09:22,439
aviation the work of the division
 

405
00:09:22,439 --> 00:09:25,639
aviation the work of the division
continues to evolve technology and will

406
00:09:25,639 --> 00:09:25,649
continues to evolve technology and will
 

407
00:09:25,649 --> 00:09:28,009
continues to evolve technology and will
take us into the next generations of

408
00:09:28,009 --> 00:09:28,019
take us into the next generations of
 

409
00:09:28,019 --> 00:09:32,929
take us into the next generations of
flight our second segment is about a

410
00:09:32,929 --> 00:09:32,939
flight our second segment is about a
 

411
00:09:32,939 --> 00:09:34,280
flight our second segment is about a
process developed at Lewis that we're

412
00:09:34,280 --> 00:09:34,290
process developed at Lewis that we're
 

413
00:09:34,290 --> 00:09:36,379
process developed at Lewis that we're
very proud of an engineer in our

414
00:09:36,379 --> 00:09:36,389
very proud of an engineer in our
 

415
00:09:36,389 --> 00:09:37,850
very proud of an engineer in our
materials division developed a process

416
00:09:37,850 --> 00:09:37,860
materials division developed a process
 

417
00:09:37,860 --> 00:09:40,819
materials division developed a process
called arc sprayed mono tape let's find

418
00:09:40,819 --> 00:09:40,829
called arc sprayed mono tape let's find
 

419
00:09:40,829 --> 00:09:51,810
called arc sprayed mono tape let's find
out about it and some of its many uses

420
00:09:51,810 --> 00:09:51,820

 

421
00:09:51,820 --> 00:09:55,079

unfazed by extreme fire not temperatures

422
00:09:55,079 --> 00:09:55,089
unfazed by extreme fire not temperatures
 

423
00:09:55,089 --> 00:09:58,120
unfazed by extreme fire not temperatures
possessing amazing strength a strength

424
00:09:58,120 --> 00:09:58,130
possessing amazing strength a strength
 

425
00:09:58,130 --> 00:10:01,689
possessing amazing strength a strength
beyond belief its creation one of

426
00:10:01,689 --> 00:10:01,699
beyond belief its creation one of
 

427
00:10:01,699 --> 00:10:04,180
beyond belief its creation one of
outstanding engineering achievement the

428
00:10:04,180 --> 00:10:04,190
outstanding engineering achievement the
 

429
00:10:04,190 --> 00:10:07,269
outstanding engineering achievement the
new the ultra advanced composite

430
00:10:07,269 --> 00:10:07,279
new the ultra advanced composite
 

431
00:10:07,279 --> 00:10:09,699
new the ultra advanced composite
materials being developed by NASA Lewis

432
00:10:09,699 --> 00:10:09,709
materials being developed by NASA Lewis
 

433
00:10:09,709 --> 00:10:12,879
materials being developed by NASA Lewis
Research Center in Cleveland Ohio to

434
00:10:12,879 --> 00:10:12,889
Research Center in Cleveland Ohio to
 

435
00:10:12,889 --> 00:10:15,040
Research Center in Cleveland Ohio to
understand this fascinating field we

436
00:10:15,040 --> 00:10:15,050
understand this fascinating field we
 

437
00:10:15,050 --> 00:10:16,990
understand this fascinating field we
must start with basics and determine

438
00:10:16,990 --> 00:10:17,000
must start with basics and determine
 

439
00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:20,430
must start with basics and determine
exactly what is a composite material

440
00:10:20,430 --> 00:10:20,440
exactly what is a composite material
 

441
00:10:20,440 --> 00:10:23,019
exactly what is a composite material
possibly the easiest way to visualize a

442
00:10:23,019 --> 00:10:23,029
possibly the easiest way to visualize a
 

443
00:10:23,029 --> 00:10:25,420
possibly the easiest way to visualize a
composite material is to offer the

444
00:10:25,420 --> 00:10:25,430
composite material is to offer the
 

445
00:10:25,430 --> 00:10:28,360
composite material is to offer the
example of a tennis racquet the arm and

446
00:10:28,360 --> 00:10:28,370
example of a tennis racquet the arm and
 

447
00:10:28,370 --> 00:10:30,400
example of a tennis racquet the arm and
frame part of the rocket is made by

448
00:10:30,400 --> 00:10:30,410
frame part of the rocket is made by
 

449
00:10:30,410 --> 00:10:32,340
frame part of the rocket is made by
combining two distinct materials

450
00:10:32,340 --> 00:10:32,350
combining two distinct materials
 

451
00:10:32,350 --> 00:10:34,840
combining two distinct materials
graphite fibers which give it strength

452
00:10:34,840 --> 00:10:34,850
graphite fibers which give it strength
 

453
00:10:34,850 --> 00:10:37,540
graphite fibers which give it strength
and a low-temperature glue or binder

454
00:10:37,540 --> 00:10:37,550
and a low-temperature glue or binder
 

455
00:10:37,550 --> 00:10:39,910
and a low-temperature glue or binder
which hold the fibers together that

456
00:10:39,910 --> 00:10:39,920
which hold the fibers together that
 

457
00:10:39,920 --> 00:10:41,879
which hold the fibers together that
allows it to be fashioned into shape

458
00:10:41,879 --> 00:10:41,889
allows it to be fashioned into shape
 

459
00:10:41,889 --> 00:10:45,309
allows it to be fashioned into shape
this is a composite material to

460
00:10:45,309 --> 00:10:45,319
this is a composite material to
 

461
00:10:45,319 --> 00:10:47,499
this is a composite material to
different parts each with a different

462
00:10:47,499 --> 00:10:47,509
different parts each with a different
 

463
00:10:47,509 --> 00:10:50,740
different parts each with a different
function research in this area began

464
00:10:50,740 --> 00:10:50,750
function research in this area began
 

465
00:10:50,750 --> 00:10:53,590
function research in this area began
about 25 years ago when minut whiskers

466
00:10:53,590 --> 00:10:53,600
about 25 years ago when minut whiskers
 

467
00:10:53,600 --> 00:10:55,480
about 25 years ago when minut whiskers
were discovered growing on electrical

468
00:10:55,480 --> 00:10:55,490
were discovered growing on electrical
 

469
00:10:55,490 --> 00:10:58,420
were discovered growing on electrical
devices the whiskers were found to be

470
00:10:58,420 --> 00:10:58,430
devices the whiskers were found to be
 

471
00:10:58,430 --> 00:11:00,910
devices the whiskers were found to be
single grain crystals that when tested

472
00:11:00,910 --> 00:11:00,920
single grain crystals that when tested
 

473
00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:03,759
single grain crystals that when tested
proved to be very strong in later

474
00:11:03,759 --> 00:11:03,769
proved to be very strong in later
 

475
00:11:03,769 --> 00:11:06,250
proved to be very strong in later
research work the whiskers were used in

476
00:11:06,250 --> 00:11:06,260
research work the whiskers were used in
 

477
00:11:06,260 --> 00:11:09,009
research work the whiskers were used in
the making of bulk materials today

478
00:11:09,009 --> 00:11:09,019
the making of bulk materials today
 

479
00:11:09,019 --> 00:11:12,370
the making of bulk materials today
instead of whiskers fibers like silicon

480
00:11:12,370 --> 00:11:12,380
instead of whiskers fibers like silicon
 

481
00:11:12,380 --> 00:11:15,550
instead of whiskers fibers like silicon
carbide tungsten and graphite are used

482
00:11:15,550 --> 00:11:15,560
carbide tungsten and graphite are used
 

483
00:11:15,560 --> 00:11:17,710
carbide tungsten and graphite are used
with a glue or binder to make such

484
00:11:17,710 --> 00:11:17,720
with a glue or binder to make such
 

485
00:11:17,720 --> 00:11:19,569
with a glue or binder to make such
things as engineering and sports

486
00:11:19,569 --> 00:11:19,579
things as engineering and sports
 

487
00:11:19,579 --> 00:11:22,480
things as engineering and sports
products there are some products though

488
00:11:22,480 --> 00:11:22,490
products there are some products though
 

489
00:11:22,490 --> 00:11:24,759
products there are some products though
that need to be able to withstand higher

490
00:11:24,759 --> 00:11:24,769
that need to be able to withstand higher
 

491
00:11:24,769 --> 00:11:25,660
that need to be able to withstand higher
temperatures

492
00:11:25,660 --> 00:11:25,670
temperatures
 

493
00:11:25,670 --> 00:11:28,150
temperatures
at the same time it's also necessary

494
00:11:28,150 --> 00:11:28,160
at the same time it's also necessary
 

495
00:11:28,160 --> 00:11:30,940
at the same time it's also necessary
that they be lightweight and stiff which

496
00:11:30,940 --> 00:11:30,950
that they be lightweight and stiff which
 

497
00:11:30,950 --> 00:11:32,890
that they be lightweight and stiff which
incidentally are very important

498
00:11:32,890 --> 00:11:32,900
incidentally are very important
 

499
00:11:32,900 --> 00:11:34,600
incidentally are very important
requirements for just about anything

500
00:11:34,600 --> 00:11:34,610
requirements for just about anything
 

501
00:11:34,610 --> 00:11:37,750
requirements for just about anything
intended for use in space to meet the

502
00:11:37,750 --> 00:11:37,760
intended for use in space to meet the
 

503
00:11:37,760 --> 00:11:40,180
intended for use in space to meet the
more demanding requirements a glue or

504
00:11:40,180 --> 00:11:40,190
more demanding requirements a glue or
 

505
00:11:40,190 --> 00:11:42,940
more demanding requirements a glue or
binders such as aluminum or titanium may

506
00:11:42,940 --> 00:11:42,950
binders such as aluminum or titanium may
 

507
00:11:42,950 --> 00:11:46,150
binders such as aluminum or titanium may
be used for other products that need to

508
00:11:46,150 --> 00:11:46,160
be used for other products that need to
 

509
00:11:46,160 --> 00:11:47,710
be used for other products that need to
be heat-resistant at even higher

510
00:11:47,710 --> 00:11:47,720
be heat-resistant at even higher
 

511
00:11:47,720 --> 00:11:51,010
be heat-resistant at even higher
temperatures a nickel or iron base alloy

512
00:11:51,010 --> 00:11:51,020
temperatures a nickel or iron base alloy
 

513
00:11:51,020 --> 00:11:53,470
temperatures a nickel or iron base alloy
is combined with even certain carbide

514
00:11:53,470 --> 00:11:53,480
is combined with even certain carbide
 

515
00:11:53,480 --> 00:11:56,620
is combined with even certain carbide
fibers or tungsten fibers there are

516
00:11:56,620 --> 00:11:56,630
fibers or tungsten fibers there are
 

517
00:11:56,630 --> 00:11:58,840
fibers or tungsten fibers there are
several ways to do this and one of them

518
00:11:58,840 --> 00:11:58,850
several ways to do this and one of them
 

519
00:11:58,850 --> 00:12:03,370
several ways to do this and one of them
is the arc spray process this method was

520
00:12:03,370 --> 00:12:03,380
is the arc spray process this method was
 

521
00:12:03,380 --> 00:12:05,620
is the arc spray process this method was
developed right here at NASA but one of

522
00:12:05,620 --> 00:12:05,630
developed right here at NASA but one of
 

523
00:12:05,630 --> 00:12:08,590
developed right here at NASA but one of
our engineers Leonard Westfall he works

524
00:12:08,590 --> 00:12:08,600
our engineers Leonard Westfall he works
 

525
00:12:08,600 --> 00:12:10,450
our engineers Leonard Westfall he works
in the advanced metallic branch of

526
00:12:10,450 --> 00:12:10,460
in the advanced metallic branch of
 

527
00:12:10,460 --> 00:12:14,590
in the advanced metallic branch of
NASA's materials division recently mr.

528
00:12:14,590 --> 00:12:14,600
NASA's materials division recently mr.
 

529
00:12:14,600 --> 00:12:16,840
NASA's materials division recently mr.
Westfall described exactly how the arc

530
00:12:16,840 --> 00:12:16,850
Westfall described exactly how the arc
 

531
00:12:16,850 --> 00:12:20,590
Westfall described exactly how the arc
process works the process works like

532
00:12:20,590 --> 00:12:20,600
process works the process works like
 

533
00:12:20,600 --> 00:12:25,150
process works the process works like
this we have an arc spray gun which is

534
00:12:25,150 --> 00:12:25,160
this we have an arc spray gun which is
 

535
00:12:25,160 --> 00:12:29,100
this we have an arc spray gun which is
attached to a large vacuum chamber

536
00:12:29,100 --> 00:12:29,110
attached to a large vacuum chamber
 

537
00:12:29,110 --> 00:12:33,910
attached to a large vacuum chamber
inside the vacuum chamber is a drum that

538
00:12:33,910 --> 00:12:33,920
inside the vacuum chamber is a drum that
 

539
00:12:33,920 --> 00:12:38,020
inside the vacuum chamber is a drum that
has our real strong fibers found on the

540
00:12:38,020 --> 00:12:38,030
has our real strong fibers found on the
 

541
00:12:38,030 --> 00:12:43,420
has our real strong fibers found on the
surface at a very regular spacing the

542
00:12:43,420 --> 00:12:43,430
surface at a very regular spacing the
 

543
00:12:43,430 --> 00:12:48,130
surface at a very regular spacing the
arc spray gun works by having two metal

544
00:12:48,130 --> 00:12:48,140
arc spray gun works by having two metal
 

545
00:12:48,140 --> 00:12:51,250
arc spray gun works by having two metal
wires coming into the gun an electric

546
00:12:51,250 --> 00:12:51,260
wires coming into the gun an electric
 

547
00:12:51,260 --> 00:12:53,050
wires coming into the gun an electric
arc is struck between the tips of the

548
00:12:53,050 --> 00:12:53,060
arc is struck between the tips of the
 

549
00:12:53,060 --> 00:12:55,780
arc is struck between the tips of the
wires the electric arc is sufficient

550
00:12:55,780 --> 00:12:55,790
wires the electric arc is sufficient
 

551
00:12:55,790 --> 00:12:58,030
wires the electric arc is sufficient
intensity to cause the water tips to

552
00:12:58,030 --> 00:12:58,040
intensity to cause the water tips to
 

553
00:12:58,040 --> 00:13:02,080
intensity to cause the water tips to
melt I pressure stream of neutral gas

554
00:13:02,080 --> 00:13:02,090
melt I pressure stream of neutral gas
 

555
00:13:02,090 --> 00:13:04,630
melt I pressure stream of neutral gas
and will usually use our gun very clean

556
00:13:04,630 --> 00:13:04,640
and will usually use our gun very clean
 

557
00:13:04,640 --> 00:13:08,410
and will usually use our gun very clean
argon is sprayed on this molten on the

558
00:13:08,410 --> 00:13:08,420
argon is sprayed on this molten on the
 

559
00:13:08,420 --> 00:13:11,080
argon is sprayed on this molten on the
mold and wire tips causing the molten

560
00:13:11,080 --> 00:13:11,090
mold and wire tips causing the molten
 

561
00:13:11,090 --> 00:13:13,750
mold and wire tips causing the molten
metal to dislodge from the from the

562
00:13:13,750 --> 00:13:13,760
metal to dislodge from the from the
 

563
00:13:13,760 --> 00:13:17,380
metal to dislodge from the from the
wires and to be vaporized into very very

564
00:13:17,380 --> 00:13:17,390
wires and to be vaporized into very very
 

565
00:13:17,390 --> 00:13:21,340
wires and to be vaporized into very very
fine particles in sprayed and we aim it

566
00:13:21,340 --> 00:13:21,350
fine particles in sprayed and we aim it
 

567
00:13:21,350 --> 00:13:23,820
fine particles in sprayed and we aim it
right on this drum surface

568
00:13:23,820 --> 00:13:23,830
right on this drum surface
 

569
00:13:23,830 --> 00:13:28,110
right on this drum surface
thin sheet that's formed can be as big

570
00:13:28,110 --> 00:13:28,120
thin sheet that's formed can be as big
 

571
00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:30,780
thin sheet that's formed can be as big
as two drum surface the thin sheet mr.

572
00:13:30,780 --> 00:13:30,790
as two drum surface the thin sheet mr.
 

573
00:13:30,790 --> 00:13:33,150
as two drum surface the thin sheet mr.
Westfall was talking about is called a

574
00:13:33,150 --> 00:13:33,160
Westfall was talking about is called a
 

575
00:13:33,160 --> 00:13:35,970
Westfall was talking about is called a
mono tape it comes off the drum very

576
00:13:35,970 --> 00:13:35,980
mono tape it comes off the drum very
 

577
00:13:35,980 --> 00:13:38,730
mono tape it comes off the drum very
easily because a teflon spray is applied

578
00:13:38,730 --> 00:13:38,740
easily because a teflon spray is applied
 

579
00:13:38,740 --> 00:13:41,670
easily because a teflon spray is applied
first the spray allows the material to

580
00:13:41,670 --> 00:13:41,680
first the spray allows the material to
 

581
00:13:41,680 --> 00:13:44,070
first the spray allows the material to
get hard and yet not stick to the drum

582
00:13:44,070 --> 00:13:44,080
get hard and yet not stick to the drum
 

583
00:13:44,080 --> 00:13:49,080
get hard and yet not stick to the drum
it simply peels off composite mono tapes

584
00:13:49,080 --> 00:13:49,090
it simply peels off composite mono tapes
 

585
00:13:49,090 --> 00:13:51,540
it simply peels off composite mono tapes
are used to make composite shapes which

586
00:13:51,540 --> 00:13:51,550
are used to make composite shapes which
 

587
00:13:51,550 --> 00:13:53,850
are used to make composite shapes which
are rather complex structures requiring

588
00:13:53,850 --> 00:13:53,860
are rather complex structures requiring
 

589
00:13:53,860 --> 00:13:57,090
are rather complex structures requiring
extremely high strength in order to make

590
00:13:57,090 --> 00:13:57,100
extremely high strength in order to make
 

591
00:13:57,100 --> 00:13:59,490
extremely high strength in order to make
the structure as strong as possible the

592
00:13:59,490 --> 00:13:59,500
the structure as strong as possible the
 

593
00:13:59,500 --> 00:14:01,740
the structure as strong as possible the
mono tapes must be positioned in certain

594
00:14:01,740 --> 00:14:01,750
mono tapes must be positioned in certain
 

595
00:14:01,750 --> 00:14:05,400
mono tapes must be positioned in certain
directions to do this the mono tape is

596
00:14:05,400 --> 00:14:05,410
directions to do this the mono tape is
 

597
00:14:05,410 --> 00:14:07,860
directions to do this the mono tape is
cut into small pieces and stacked one on

598
00:14:07,860 --> 00:14:07,870
cut into small pieces and stacked one on
 

599
00:14:07,870 --> 00:14:10,980
cut into small pieces and stacked one on
top of the other on the first piece all

600
00:14:10,980 --> 00:14:10,990
top of the other on the first piece all
 

601
00:14:10,990 --> 00:14:14,010
top of the other on the first piece all
fibers are placed in one direction on

602
00:14:14,010 --> 00:14:14,020
fibers are placed in one direction on
 

603
00:14:14,020 --> 00:14:16,530
fibers are placed in one direction on
the next piece the fibers are put in the

604
00:14:16,530 --> 00:14:16,540
the next piece the fibers are put in the
 

605
00:14:16,540 --> 00:14:18,630
the next piece the fibers are put in the
opposite direction of those on the first

606
00:14:18,630 --> 00:14:18,640
opposite direction of those on the first
 

607
00:14:18,640 --> 00:14:21,390
opposite direction of those on the first
piece this alternation of the fibers

608
00:14:21,390 --> 00:14:21,400
piece this alternation of the fibers
 

609
00:14:21,400 --> 00:14:23,850
piece this alternation of the fibers
direction is continued on the pieces in

610
00:14:23,850 --> 00:14:23,860
direction is continued on the pieces in
 

611
00:14:23,860 --> 00:14:25,980
direction is continued on the pieces in
order to maximize the structure strength

612
00:14:25,980 --> 00:14:25,990
order to maximize the structure strength
 

613
00:14:25,990 --> 00:14:29,640
order to maximize the structure strength
in different directions the small pieces

614
00:14:29,640 --> 00:14:29,650
in different directions the small pieces
 

615
00:14:29,650 --> 00:14:32,490
in different directions the small pieces
of composite mono tape usually are glued

616
00:14:32,490 --> 00:14:32,500
of composite mono tape usually are glued
 

617
00:14:32,500 --> 00:14:35,270
of composite mono tape usually are glued
together by a method called hot pressing

618
00:14:35,270 --> 00:14:35,280
together by a method called hot pressing
 

619
00:14:35,280 --> 00:14:38,040
together by a method called hot pressing
very heavy pressure is applied to the

620
00:14:38,040 --> 00:14:38,050
very heavy pressure is applied to the
 

621
00:14:38,050 --> 00:14:39,960
very heavy pressure is applied to the
stack while it is subjected to a

622
00:14:39,960 --> 00:14:39,970
stack while it is subjected to a
 

623
00:14:39,970 --> 00:14:42,150
stack while it is subjected to a
temperature of almost 2,000 degrees

624
00:14:42,150 --> 00:14:42,160
temperature of almost 2,000 degrees
 

625
00:14:42,160 --> 00:14:45,420
temperature of almost 2,000 degrees
Fahrenheit as the metal gets squeezed

626
00:14:45,420 --> 00:14:45,430
Fahrenheit as the metal gets squeezed
 

627
00:14:45,430 --> 00:14:48,120
Fahrenheit as the metal gets squeezed
together any small imperfections in the

628
00:14:48,120 --> 00:14:48,130
together any small imperfections in the
 

629
00:14:48,130 --> 00:14:50,280
together any small imperfections in the
mono tape disappeared and the metal

630
00:14:50,280 --> 00:14:50,290
mono tape disappeared and the metal
 

631
00:14:50,290 --> 00:14:52,770
mono tape disappeared and the metal
pieces blend together resulting in a

632
00:14:52,770 --> 00:14:52,780
pieces blend together resulting in a
 

633
00:14:52,780 --> 00:14:56,250
pieces blend together resulting in a
perfectly solid plate cut into thin

634
00:14:56,250 --> 00:14:56,260
perfectly solid plate cut into thin
 

635
00:14:56,260 --> 00:14:58,290
perfectly solid plate cut into thin
strips the plates are used extensively

636
00:14:58,290 --> 00:14:58,300
strips the plates are used extensively
 

637
00:14:58,300 --> 00:15:02,010
strips the plates are used extensively
at NASA for testing purposes engineers

638
00:15:02,010 --> 00:15:02,020
at NASA for testing purposes engineers
 

639
00:15:02,020 --> 00:15:04,260
at NASA for testing purposes engineers
have been able to make large tubes by

640
00:15:04,260 --> 00:15:04,270
have been able to make large tubes by
 

641
00:15:04,270 --> 00:15:06,840
have been able to make large tubes by
using a pressing guide to shape it they

642
00:15:06,840 --> 00:15:06,850
using a pressing guide to shape it they
 

643
00:15:06,850 --> 00:15:08,790
using a pressing guide to shape it they
have made demonstration turbine blades

644
00:15:08,790 --> 00:15:08,800
have made demonstration turbine blades
 

645
00:15:08,800 --> 00:15:11,880
have made demonstration turbine blades
for jet engines these blades are located

646
00:15:11,880 --> 00:15:11,890
for jet engines these blades are located
 

647
00:15:11,890 --> 00:15:14,400
for jet engines these blades are located
very close to the place where air mixed

648
00:15:14,400 --> 00:15:14,410
very close to the place where air mixed
 

649
00:15:14,410 --> 00:15:17,250
very close to the place where air mixed
with fuel is burned as combustion takes

650
00:15:17,250 --> 00:15:17,260
with fuel is burned as combustion takes
 

651
00:15:17,260 --> 00:15:19,980
with fuel is burned as combustion takes
place the expanding gases hit the blade

652
00:15:19,980 --> 00:15:19,990
place the expanding gases hit the blade
 

653
00:15:19,990 --> 00:15:23,250
place the expanding gases hit the blade
causing it to turn it's easy to see why

654
00:15:23,250 --> 00:15:23,260
causing it to turn it's easy to see why
 

655
00:15:23,260 --> 00:15:24,960
causing it to turn it's easy to see why
the blades must be able to withstand

656
00:15:24,960 --> 00:15:24,970
the blades must be able to withstand
 

657
00:15:24,970 --> 00:15:29,070
the blades must be able to withstand
extremely high temperatures presently

658
00:15:29,070 --> 00:15:29,080
extremely high temperatures presently
 

659
00:15:29,080 --> 00:15:31,650
extremely high temperatures presently
there are five NASA programs in which

660
00:15:31,650 --> 00:15:31,660
there are five NASA programs in which
 

661
00:15:31,660 --> 00:15:34,920
there are five NASA programs in which
arc spray mono tape plays a major role

662
00:15:34,920 --> 00:15:34,930
arc spray mono tape plays a major role
 

663
00:15:34,930 --> 00:15:38,220
arc spray mono tape plays a major role
our two programs deal specifically with

664
00:15:38,220 --> 00:15:38,230
our two programs deal specifically with
 

665
00:15:38,230 --> 00:15:41,250
our two programs deal specifically with
the space shuttles main engine since the

666
00:15:41,250 --> 00:15:41,260
the space shuttles main engine since the
 

667
00:15:41,260 --> 00:15:43,050
the space shuttles main engine since the
material now used to make the main

668
00:15:43,050 --> 00:15:43,060
material now used to make the main
 

669
00:15:43,060 --> 00:15:45,139
material now used to make the main
engine is cracking due to thermal shock

670
00:15:45,139 --> 00:15:45,149
engine is cracking due to thermal shock
 

671
00:15:45,149 --> 00:15:48,600
engine is cracking due to thermal shock
NASA is working with tungsten reinforced

672
00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:48,610
NASA is working with tungsten reinforced
 

673
00:15:48,610 --> 00:15:51,240
NASA is working with tungsten reinforced
super alloys to replace it these

674
00:15:51,240 --> 00:15:51,250
super alloys to replace it these
 

675
00:15:51,250 --> 00:15:54,210
super alloys to replace it these
composites in tests so far have proven

676
00:15:54,210 --> 00:15:54,220
composites in tests so far have proven
 

677
00:15:54,220 --> 00:15:56,850
composites in tests so far have proven
to be more shock resistant stronger and

678
00:15:56,850 --> 00:15:56,860
to be more shock resistant stronger and
 

679
00:15:56,860 --> 00:15:58,800
to be more shock resistant stronger and
able to withstand higher temperatures

680
00:15:58,800 --> 00:15:58,810
able to withstand higher temperatures
 

681
00:15:58,810 --> 00:16:02,730
able to withstand higher temperatures
than the present material the second

682
00:16:02,730 --> 00:16:02,740
than the present material the second
 

683
00:16:02,740 --> 00:16:05,100
than the present material the second
program deals with the reinforcement of

684
00:16:05,100 --> 00:16:05,110
program deals with the reinforcement of
 

685
00:16:05,110 --> 00:16:07,340
program deals with the reinforcement of
a combustion liner in the space shuttle

686
00:16:07,340 --> 00:16:07,350
a combustion liner in the space shuttle
 

687
00:16:07,350 --> 00:16:11,190
a combustion liner in the space shuttle
mr. Westfall explains a combustion liner

688
00:16:11,190 --> 00:16:11,200
mr. Westfall explains a combustion liner
 

689
00:16:11,200 --> 00:16:19,019
mr. Westfall explains a combustion liner
is a contoured shape that is Hydra

690
00:16:19,019 --> 00:16:19,029
is a contoured shape that is Hydra
 

691
00:16:19,029 --> 00:16:22,110
is a contoured shape that is Hydra
liquid hydrogen cold and it's the vessel

692
00:16:22,110 --> 00:16:22,120
liquid hydrogen cold and it's the vessel
 

693
00:16:22,120 --> 00:16:24,300
liquid hydrogen cold and it's the vessel
that the liquid oxygen and liquid

694
00:16:24,300 --> 00:16:24,310
that the liquid oxygen and liquid
 

695
00:16:24,310 --> 00:16:29,040
that the liquid oxygen and liquid
hydrogen burned in and you have very

696
00:16:29,040 --> 00:16:29,050
hydrogen burned in and you have very
 

697
00:16:29,050 --> 00:16:31,400
hydrogen burned in and you have very
very high temperatures inside this

698
00:16:31,400 --> 00:16:31,410
very high temperatures inside this
 

699
00:16:31,410 --> 00:16:33,810
very high temperatures inside this
combustion liner and typically it's made

700
00:16:33,810 --> 00:16:33,820
combustion liner and typically it's made
 

701
00:16:33,820 --> 00:16:37,230
combustion liner and typically it's made
out of copper or strong copper alloy the

702
00:16:37,230 --> 00:16:37,240
out of copper or strong copper alloy the
 

703
00:16:37,240 --> 00:16:39,210
out of copper or strong copper alloy the
problem this combustion liner is

704
00:16:39,210 --> 00:16:39,220
problem this combustion liner is
 

705
00:16:39,220 --> 00:16:42,440
problem this combustion liner is
experiencing is the copper alloy is

706
00:16:42,440 --> 00:16:42,450
experiencing is the copper alloy is
 

707
00:16:42,450 --> 00:16:45,960
experiencing is the copper alloy is
deforming due to the very high

708
00:16:45,960 --> 00:16:45,970
deforming due to the very high
 

709
00:16:45,970 --> 00:16:48,019
deforming due to the very high
temperatures and the stresses that are

710
00:16:48,019 --> 00:16:48,029
temperatures and the stresses that are
 

711
00:16:48,029 --> 00:16:50,970
temperatures and the stresses that are
generated in the thin inner wall causing

712
00:16:50,970 --> 00:16:50,980
generated in the thin inner wall causing
 

713
00:16:50,980 --> 00:16:53,370
generated in the thin inner wall causing
in a while to deform and actually

714
00:16:53,370 --> 00:16:53,380
in a while to deform and actually
 

715
00:16:53,380 --> 00:16:55,110
in a while to deform and actually
correct and the liquid hydrogen is

716
00:16:55,110 --> 00:16:55,120
correct and the liquid hydrogen is
 

717
00:16:55,120 --> 00:16:57,900
correct and the liquid hydrogen is
leaking out we are putting tungsten

718
00:16:57,900 --> 00:16:57,910
leaking out we are putting tungsten
 

719
00:16:57,910 --> 00:17:01,620
leaking out we are putting tungsten
fibers in the inside layer of the

720
00:17:01,620 --> 00:17:01,630
fibers in the inside layer of the
 

721
00:17:01,630 --> 00:17:03,360
fibers in the inside layer of the
combustion liner to strengthen to

722
00:17:03,360 --> 00:17:03,370
combustion liner to strengthen to
 

723
00:17:03,370 --> 00:17:05,460
combustion liner to strengthen to
selectively strengthen the inner wall of

724
00:17:05,460 --> 00:17:05,470
selectively strengthen the inner wall of
 

725
00:17:05,470 --> 00:17:08,069
selectively strengthen the inner wall of
the combustion liner this is an example

726
00:17:08,069 --> 00:17:08,079
the combustion liner this is an example
 

727
00:17:08,079 --> 00:17:11,520
the combustion liner this is an example
of one of the test specimens that we

728
00:17:11,520 --> 00:17:11,530
of one of the test specimens that we
 

729
00:17:11,530 --> 00:17:13,860
of one of the test specimens that we
make and we have tungsten fibers

730
00:17:13,860 --> 00:17:13,870
make and we have tungsten fibers
 

731
00:17:13,870 --> 00:17:16,620
make and we have tungsten fibers
reinforcing the inside surface of this

732
00:17:16,620 --> 00:17:16,630
reinforcing the inside surface of this
 

733
00:17:16,630 --> 00:17:20,160
reinforcing the inside surface of this
specimen alright this specimen then will

734
00:17:20,160 --> 00:17:20,170
specimen alright this specimen then will
 

735
00:17:20,170 --> 00:17:23,699
specimen alright this specimen then will
be tested in a rocket test chamber under

736
00:17:23,699 --> 00:17:23,709
be tested in a rocket test chamber under
 

737
00:17:23,709 --> 00:17:25,470
be tested in a rocket test chamber under
conditions very very similar to the

738
00:17:25,470 --> 00:17:25,480
conditions very very similar to the
 

739
00:17:25,480 --> 00:17:27,290
conditions very very similar to the
Space Shuttle main engine and the

740
00:17:27,290 --> 00:17:27,300
Space Shuttle main engine and the
 

741
00:17:27,300 --> 00:17:32,490
Space Shuttle main engine and the
material will be tested to to failure we

742
00:17:32,490 --> 00:17:32,500
material will be tested to to failure we
 

743
00:17:32,500 --> 00:17:34,919
material will be tested to to failure we
predict a much longer life with our

744
00:17:34,919 --> 00:17:34,929
predict a much longer life with our
 

745
00:17:34,929 --> 00:17:36,870
predict a much longer life with our
tungsten reinforce copper than the

746
00:17:36,870 --> 00:17:36,880
tungsten reinforce copper than the
 

747
00:17:36,880 --> 00:17:40,380
tungsten reinforce copper than the
current copper alloy that's being flown

748
00:17:40,380 --> 00:17:40,390
current copper alloy that's being flown
 

749
00:17:40,390 --> 00:17:42,750
current copper alloy that's being flown
in space shuttle today also regarding

750
00:17:42,750 --> 00:17:42,760
in space shuttle today also regarding
 

751
00:17:42,760 --> 00:17:45,200
in space shuttle today also regarding
space the third program has

752
00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:45,210
space the third program has
 

753
00:17:45,210 --> 00:17:47,299
space the third program has
with the creation and development of

754
00:17:47,299 --> 00:17:47,309
with the creation and development of
 

755
00:17:47,309 --> 00:17:49,820
with the creation and development of
very strong tools to hold liquid metals

756
00:17:49,820 --> 00:17:49,830
very strong tools to hold liquid metals
 

757
00:17:49,830 --> 00:17:52,269
very strong tools to hold liquid metals
and heat pipes for nuclear reactors

758
00:17:52,269 --> 00:17:52,279
and heat pipes for nuclear reactors
 

759
00:17:52,279 --> 00:17:54,980
and heat pipes for nuclear reactors
because of the tremendous pressure the

760
00:17:54,980 --> 00:17:54,990
because of the tremendous pressure the
 

761
00:17:54,990 --> 00:17:57,169
because of the tremendous pressure the
tubes will have to withstand a new

762
00:17:57,169 --> 00:17:57,179
tubes will have to withstand a new
 

763
00:17:57,179 --> 00:17:59,120
tubes will have to withstand a new
material is needed that is much stronger

764
00:17:59,120 --> 00:17:59,130
material is needed that is much stronger
 

765
00:17:59,130 --> 00:18:02,600
material is needed that is much stronger
than the one now used using the

766
00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:02,610
than the one now used using the
 

767
00:18:02,610 --> 00:18:05,269
than the one now used using the
composite process engineers are adding

768
00:18:05,269 --> 00:18:05,279
composite process engineers are adding
 

769
00:18:05,279 --> 00:18:07,159
composite process engineers are adding
tungsten fibers to the present material

770
00:18:07,159 --> 00:18:07,169
tungsten fibers to the present material
 

771
00:18:07,169 --> 00:18:11,090
tungsten fibers to the present material
to strengthen it and again in support of

772
00:18:11,090 --> 00:18:11,100
to strengthen it and again in support of
 

773
00:18:11,100 --> 00:18:13,610
to strengthen it and again in support of
space power the next program is working

774
00:18:13,610 --> 00:18:13,620
space power the next program is working
 

775
00:18:13,620 --> 00:18:16,190
space power the next program is working
to develop a specific container and will

776
00:18:16,190 --> 00:18:16,200
to develop a specific container and will
 

777
00:18:16,200 --> 00:18:18,019
to develop a specific container and will
be able to take high temperatures and

778
00:18:18,019 --> 00:18:18,029
be able to take high temperatures and
 

779
00:18:18,029 --> 00:18:20,180
be able to take high temperatures and
amounts of pressure which the current

780
00:18:20,180 --> 00:18:20,190
amounts of pressure which the current
 

781
00:18:20,190 --> 00:18:23,419
amounts of pressure which the current
container cannot in this case the power

782
00:18:23,419 --> 00:18:23,429
container cannot in this case the power
 

783
00:18:23,429 --> 00:18:25,340
container cannot in this case the power
being generated would be for a space

784
00:18:25,340 --> 00:18:25,350
being generated would be for a space
 

785
00:18:25,350 --> 00:18:29,029
being generated would be for a space
station the composite material that has

786
00:18:29,029 --> 00:18:29,039
station the composite material that has
 

787
00:18:29,039 --> 00:18:31,010
station the composite material that has
been developed is three to four times

788
00:18:31,010 --> 00:18:31,020
been developed is three to four times
 

789
00:18:31,020 --> 00:18:34,130
been developed is three to four times
stronger than the present one surpassing

790
00:18:34,130 --> 00:18:34,140
stronger than the present one surpassing
 

791
00:18:34,140 --> 00:18:35,930
stronger than the present one surpassing
the program's goal of finding a

792
00:18:35,930 --> 00:18:35,940
the program's goal of finding a
 

793
00:18:35,940 --> 00:18:37,940
the program's goal of finding a
substitute container for present

794
00:18:37,940 --> 00:18:37,950
substitute container for present
 

795
00:18:37,950 --> 00:18:40,490
substitute container for present
temperature and pressure levels the

796
00:18:40,490 --> 00:18:40,500
temperature and pressure levels the
 

797
00:18:40,500 --> 00:18:42,889
temperature and pressure levels the
engineers at NASA have created one that

798
00:18:42,889 --> 00:18:42,899
engineers at NASA have created one that
 

799
00:18:42,899 --> 00:18:45,049
engineers at NASA have created one that
can be used as power demands go up in

800
00:18:45,049 --> 00:18:45,059
can be used as power demands go up in
 

801
00:18:45,059 --> 00:18:49,310
can be used as power demands go up in
the future the final program developing

802
00:18:49,310 --> 00:18:49,320
the future the final program developing
 

803
00:18:49,320 --> 00:18:51,380
the future the final program developing
composite materials for use in space

804
00:18:51,380 --> 00:18:51,390
composite materials for use in space
 

805
00:18:51,390 --> 00:18:54,039
composite materials for use in space
deals with the improvement of radiators

806
00:18:54,039 --> 00:18:54,049
deals with the improvement of radiators
 

807
00:18:54,049 --> 00:18:57,139
deals with the improvement of radiators
again NASA engineer Leonard Westfall

808
00:18:57,139 --> 00:18:57,149
again NASA engineer Leonard Westfall
 

809
00:18:57,149 --> 00:18:59,690
again NASA engineer Leonard Westfall
explains these tubes I talked about

810
00:18:59,690 --> 00:18:59,700
explains these tubes I talked about
 

811
00:18:59,700 --> 00:19:03,740
explains these tubes I talked about
before have radiator panels hooked on on

812
00:19:03,740 --> 00:19:03,750
before have radiator panels hooked on on
 

813
00:19:03,750 --> 00:19:06,399
before have radiator panels hooked on on
the back of them to get rid of the heat

814
00:19:06,399 --> 00:19:06,409
the back of them to get rid of the heat
 

815
00:19:06,409 --> 00:19:10,970
the back of them to get rid of the heat
all right we're developing fiber

816
00:19:10,970 --> 00:19:10,980
all right we're developing fiber
 

817
00:19:10,980 --> 00:19:14,299
all right we're developing fiber
reinforced radiator panels that are made

818
00:19:14,299 --> 00:19:14,309
reinforced radiator panels that are made
 

819
00:19:14,309 --> 00:19:17,750
reinforced radiator panels that are made
out of graphite fibers that I have very

820
00:19:17,750 --> 00:19:17,760
out of graphite fibers that I have very
 

821
00:19:17,760 --> 00:19:19,669
out of graphite fibers that I have very
very high thermal conductivity and

822
00:19:19,669 --> 00:19:19,679
very high thermal conductivity and
 

823
00:19:19,679 --> 00:19:21,980
very high thermal conductivity and
thermal conductivity is the materials

824
00:19:21,980 --> 00:19:21,990
thermal conductivity is the materials
 

825
00:19:21,990 --> 00:19:25,149
thermal conductivity is the materials
ability to conduct heat very quickly

826
00:19:25,149 --> 00:19:25,159
ability to conduct heat very quickly
 

827
00:19:25,159 --> 00:19:27,440
ability to conduct heat very quickly
alright these fibers conduct heat

828
00:19:27,440 --> 00:19:27,450
alright these fibers conduct heat
 

829
00:19:27,450 --> 00:19:30,320
alright these fibers conduct heat
extremely fast and we put them in and

830
00:19:30,320 --> 00:19:30,330
extremely fast and we put them in and
 

831
00:19:30,330 --> 00:19:34,970
extremely fast and we put them in and
copper as a high-temperature glue copper

832
00:19:34,970 --> 00:19:34,980
copper as a high-temperature glue copper
 

833
00:19:34,980 --> 00:19:37,419
copper as a high-temperature glue copper
also has very high thermal conductivity

834
00:19:37,419 --> 00:19:37,429
also has very high thermal conductivity
 

835
00:19:37,429 --> 00:19:40,909
also has very high thermal conductivity
and so what we end up with is a

836
00:19:40,909 --> 00:19:40,919
and so what we end up with is a
 

837
00:19:40,919 --> 00:19:44,240
and so what we end up with is a
structure that has higher thermal

838
00:19:44,240 --> 00:19:44,250
structure that has higher thermal
 

839
00:19:44,250 --> 00:19:47,090
structure that has higher thermal
conductivity than copper is very very

840
00:19:47,090 --> 00:19:47,100
conductivity than copper is very very
 

841
00:19:47,100 --> 00:19:52,519
conductivity than copper is very very
stiff and light and this saves weight it

842
00:19:52,519 --> 00:19:52,529
stiff and light and this saves weight it
 

843
00:19:52,529 --> 00:19:54,500
stiff and light and this saves weight it
increases the efficiency of the radiator

844
00:19:54,500 --> 00:19:54,510
increases the efficiency of the radiator
 

845
00:19:54,510 --> 00:19:56,870
increases the efficiency of the radiator
panels and makes the whole cooling

846
00:19:56,870 --> 00:19:56,880
panels and makes the whole cooling
 

847
00:19:56,880 --> 00:19:59,010
panels and makes the whole cooling
scheme work much

848
00:19:59,010 --> 00:19:59,020
scheme work much
 

849
00:19:59,020 --> 00:20:01,710
scheme work much
much better at NASA there is also very

850
00:20:01,710 --> 00:20:01,720
much better at NASA there is also very
 

851
00:20:01,720 --> 00:20:04,170
much better at NASA there is also very
exciting work being done to support the

852
00:20:04,170 --> 00:20:04,180
exciting work being done to support the
 

853
00:20:04,180 --> 00:20:07,290
exciting work being done to support the
national aerospace plane the plans for

854
00:20:07,290 --> 00:20:07,300
national aerospace plane the plans for
 

855
00:20:07,300 --> 00:20:09,570
national aerospace plane the plans for
this remarkable plane call for it to

856
00:20:09,570 --> 00:20:09,580
this remarkable plane call for it to
 

857
00:20:09,580 --> 00:20:11,670
this remarkable plane call for it to
take off from the ground and fly up

858
00:20:11,670 --> 00:20:11,680
take off from the ground and fly up
 

859
00:20:11,680 --> 00:20:15,120
take off from the ground and fly up
right into orbit it would fly like an

860
00:20:15,120 --> 00:20:15,130
right into orbit it would fly like an
 

861
00:20:15,130 --> 00:20:17,550
right into orbit it would fly like an
airplane but it's jet engine at higher

862
00:20:17,550 --> 00:20:17,560
airplane but it's jet engine at higher
 

863
00:20:17,560 --> 00:20:19,920
airplane but it's jet engine at higher
altitudes and speeds would become like a

864
00:20:19,920 --> 00:20:19,930
altitudes and speeds would become like a
 

865
00:20:19,930 --> 00:20:23,220
altitudes and speeds would become like a
rocket and boosted into space NASA's

866
00:20:23,220 --> 00:20:23,230
rocket and boosted into space NASA's
 

867
00:20:23,230 --> 00:20:25,440
rocket and boosted into space NASA's
advanced metallics branch is working on

868
00:20:25,440 --> 00:20:25,450
advanced metallics branch is working on
 

869
00:20:25,450 --> 00:20:27,600
advanced metallics branch is working on
developing a fiber-reinforced inner

870
00:20:27,600 --> 00:20:27,610
developing a fiber-reinforced inner
 

871
00:20:27,610 --> 00:20:29,910
developing a fiber-reinforced inner
metallic material out of which to build

872
00:20:29,910 --> 00:20:29,920
metallic material out of which to build
 

873
00:20:29,920 --> 00:20:33,060
metallic material out of which to build
the plane currently the plane severely

874
00:20:33,060 --> 00:20:33,070
the plane currently the plane severely
 

875
00:20:33,070 --> 00:20:35,430
the plane currently the plane severely
lacks a suitable material there are

876
00:20:35,430 --> 00:20:35,440
lacks a suitable material there are
 

877
00:20:35,440 --> 00:20:37,170
lacks a suitable material there are
three vital requirements that the

878
00:20:37,170 --> 00:20:37,180
three vital requirements that the
 

879
00:20:37,180 --> 00:20:39,420
three vital requirements that the
material must have it must be

880
00:20:39,420 --> 00:20:39,430
material must have it must be
 

881
00:20:39,430 --> 00:20:42,150
material must have it must be
lightweight highly resistant to extreme

882
00:20:42,150 --> 00:20:42,160
lightweight highly resistant to extreme
 

883
00:20:42,160 --> 00:20:45,780
lightweight highly resistant to extreme
heat and very strong since it will be

884
00:20:45,780 --> 00:20:45,790
heat and very strong since it will be
 

885
00:20:45,790 --> 00:20:48,120
heat and very strong since it will be
used primarily as a major structural

886
00:20:48,120 --> 00:20:48,130
used primarily as a major structural
 

887
00:20:48,130 --> 00:20:50,520
used primarily as a major structural
component the composite material being

888
00:20:50,520 --> 00:20:50,530
component the composite material being
 

889
00:20:50,530 --> 00:20:53,550
component the composite material being
tested and developed uses ceramic fibers

890
00:20:53,550 --> 00:20:53,560
tested and developed uses ceramic fibers
 

891
00:20:53,560 --> 00:20:56,610
tested and developed uses ceramic fibers
the intermetallic matrix and ceramic

892
00:20:56,610 --> 00:20:56,620
the intermetallic matrix and ceramic
 

893
00:20:56,620 --> 00:20:59,010
the intermetallic matrix and ceramic
fibers together form a material that

894
00:20:59,010 --> 00:20:59,020
fibers together form a material that
 

895
00:20:59,020 --> 00:21:00,870
fibers together form a material that
could be the solution to one of the

896
00:21:00,870 --> 00:21:00,880
could be the solution to one of the
 

897
00:21:00,880 --> 00:21:04,950
could be the solution to one of the
planes most pressing needs in all the

898
00:21:04,950 --> 00:21:04,960
planes most pressing needs in all the
 

899
00:21:04,960 --> 00:21:07,860
planes most pressing needs in all the
research in all of these programs with

900
00:21:07,860 --> 00:21:07,870
research in all of these programs with
 

901
00:21:07,870 --> 00:21:10,470
research in all of these programs with
all of the discoveries breakthroughs and

902
00:21:10,470 --> 00:21:10,480
all of the discoveries breakthroughs and
 

903
00:21:10,480 --> 00:21:12,900
all of the discoveries breakthroughs and
amazing new products tested and those

904
00:21:12,900 --> 00:21:12,910
amazing new products tested and those
 

905
00:21:12,910 --> 00:21:16,080
amazing new products tested and those
actually in use still according to mr.

906
00:21:16,080 --> 00:21:16,090
actually in use still according to mr.
 

907
00:21:16,090 --> 00:21:19,110
actually in use still according to mr.
Westfall the present work is quote just

908
00:21:19,110 --> 00:21:19,120
Westfall the present work is quote just
 

909
00:21:19,120 --> 00:21:21,060
Westfall the present work is quote just
scratching the surface in composite

910
00:21:21,060 --> 00:21:21,070
scratching the surface in composite
 

911
00:21:21,070 --> 00:21:24,600
scratching the surface in composite
materials besides the fibers in

912
00:21:24,600 --> 00:21:24,610
materials besides the fibers in
 

913
00:21:24,610 --> 00:21:26,910
materials besides the fibers in
existence today there are many many

914
00:21:26,910 --> 00:21:26,920
existence today there are many many
 

915
00:21:26,920 --> 00:21:29,250
existence today there are many many
others with great potential that need to

916
00:21:29,250 --> 00:21:29,260
others with great potential that need to
 

917
00:21:29,260 --> 00:21:33,540
others with great potential that need to
be developed and tested NASA's goal to

918
00:21:33,540 --> 00:21:33,550
be developed and tested NASA's goal to
 

919
00:21:33,550 --> 00:21:35,730
be developed and tested NASA's goal to
develop even stronger fibers that can

920
00:21:35,730 --> 00:21:35,740
develop even stronger fibers that can
 

921
00:21:35,740 --> 00:21:39,360
develop even stronger fibers that can
work at even higher temperatures some of

922
00:21:39,360 --> 00:21:39,370
work at even higher temperatures some of
 

923
00:21:39,370 --> 00:21:41,070
work at even higher temperatures some of
the structures nASA has been working on

924
00:21:41,070 --> 00:21:41,080
the structures nASA has been working on
 

925
00:21:41,080 --> 00:21:42,960
the structures nASA has been working on
will be used for the National aerospace

926
00:21:42,960 --> 00:21:42,970
will be used for the National aerospace
 

927
00:21:42,970 --> 00:21:46,080
will be used for the National aerospace
plane or commonly known as nasp naspa

928
00:21:46,080 --> 00:21:46,090
plane or commonly known as nasp naspa
 

929
00:21:46,090 --> 00:21:47,160
plane or commonly known as nasp naspa
when it is built will have a unique

930
00:21:47,160 --> 00:21:47,170
when it is built will have a unique
 

931
00:21:47,170 --> 00:21:48,930
when it is built will have a unique
capability of taking off from any

932
00:21:48,930 --> 00:21:48,940
capability of taking off from any
 

933
00:21:48,940 --> 00:21:50,670
capability of taking off from any
airport and fly directly into space

934
00:21:50,670 --> 00:21:50,680
airport and fly directly into space
 

935
00:21:50,680 --> 00:22:03,840
airport and fly directly into space
let's learn more about nasp

936
00:22:03,840 --> 00:22:03,850

 

937
00:22:03,850 --> 00:22:06,160

imagine taking off from an airport

938
00:22:06,160 --> 00:22:06,170
imagine taking off from an airport
 

939
00:22:06,170 --> 00:22:08,680
imagine taking off from an airport
runway flying at three to five times the

940
00:22:08,680 --> 00:22:08,690
runway flying at three to five times the
 

941
00:22:08,690 --> 00:22:11,680
runway flying at three to five times the
speed of sound at altitudes of 20 miles

942
00:22:11,680 --> 00:22:11,690
speed of sound at altitudes of 20 miles
 

943
00:22:11,690 --> 00:22:14,590
speed of sound at altitudes of 20 miles
or even higher a few short hours after

944
00:22:14,590 --> 00:22:14,600
or even higher a few short hours after
 

945
00:22:14,600 --> 00:22:16,720
or even higher a few short hours after
departure you come to a stop halfway

946
00:22:16,720 --> 00:22:16,730
departure you come to a stop halfway
 

947
00:22:16,730 --> 00:22:19,930
departure you come to a stop halfway
around the world or maybe you took off

948
00:22:19,930 --> 00:22:19,940
around the world or maybe you took off
 

949
00:22:19,940 --> 00:22:21,850
around the world or maybe you took off
from a runway and flew directly into

950
00:22:21,850 --> 00:22:21,860
from a runway and flew directly into
 

951
00:22:21,860 --> 00:22:24,250
from a runway and flew directly into
orbit to work in space and then you

952
00:22:24,250 --> 00:22:24,260
orbit to work in space and then you
 

953
00:22:24,260 --> 00:22:26,080
orbit to work in space and then you
returned landing on a conventional

954
00:22:26,080 --> 00:22:26,090
returned landing on a conventional
 

955
00:22:26,090 --> 00:22:29,890
returned landing on a conventional
Airport runway the National aerospace

956
00:22:29,890 --> 00:22:29,900
Airport runway the National aerospace
 

957
00:22:29,900 --> 00:22:32,710
Airport runway the National aerospace
plane will try to make both scenarios a

958
00:22:32,710 --> 00:22:32,720
plane will try to make both scenarios a
 

959
00:22:32,720 --> 00:22:35,920
plane will try to make both scenarios a
reality NASA and the Department of

960
00:22:35,920 --> 00:22:35,930
reality NASA and the Department of
 

961
00:22:35,930 --> 00:22:38,440
reality NASA and the Department of
Defense have done research on hyper

962
00:22:38,440 --> 00:22:38,450
Defense have done research on hyper
 

963
00:22:38,450 --> 00:22:41,950
Defense have done research on hyper
sonic technology for many years the NASP

964
00:22:41,950 --> 00:22:41,960
sonic technology for many years the NASP
 

965
00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:44,710
sonic technology for many years the NASP
technology demonstrator will be a highly

966
00:22:44,710 --> 00:22:44,720
technology demonstrator will be a highly
 

967
00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:47,710
technology demonstrator will be a highly
advanced explain a new member of the

968
00:22:47,710 --> 00:22:47,720
advanced explain a new member of the
 

969
00:22:47,720 --> 00:22:50,170
advanced explain a new member of the
elite special research aircraft that

970
00:22:50,170 --> 00:22:50,180
elite special research aircraft that
 

971
00:22:50,180 --> 00:22:54,160
elite special research aircraft that
includes the x1 which in 1947 was the

972
00:22:54,160 --> 00:22:54,170
includes the x1 which in 1947 was the
 

973
00:22:54,170 --> 00:22:55,930
includes the x1 which in 1947 was the
first aircraft to break the speed of

974
00:22:55,930 --> 00:22:55,940
first aircraft to break the speed of
 

975
00:22:55,940 --> 00:22:59,470
first aircraft to break the speed of
sound and fly supersonic in the early

976
00:22:59,470 --> 00:22:59,480
sound and fly supersonic in the early
 

977
00:22:59,480 --> 00:23:02,470
sound and fly supersonic in the early
1960s the x-15 became one of the first

978
00:23:02,470 --> 00:23:02,480
1960s the x-15 became one of the first
 

979
00:23:02,480 --> 00:23:05,830
1960s the x-15 became one of the first
manned hypersonic aircraft and reached

980
00:23:05,830 --> 00:23:05,840
manned hypersonic aircraft and reached
 

981
00:23:05,840 --> 00:23:09,550
manned hypersonic aircraft and reached
speeds of Mach 7 for about 4,500 miles

982
00:23:09,550 --> 00:23:09,560
speeds of Mach 7 for about 4,500 miles
 

983
00:23:09,560 --> 00:23:12,750
speeds of Mach 7 for about 4,500 miles
per hour one of the key technological

984
00:23:12,750 --> 00:23:12,760
per hour one of the key technological
 

985
00:23:12,760 --> 00:23:16,930
per hour one of the key technological
developments of the x30 or NASA are in

986
00:23:16,930 --> 00:23:16,940
developments of the x30 or NASA are in
 

987
00:23:16,940 --> 00:23:20,100
developments of the x30 or NASA are in
the propulsion area an air-breathing

988
00:23:20,100 --> 00:23:20,110
the propulsion area an air-breathing
 

989
00:23:20,110 --> 00:23:22,600
the propulsion area an air-breathing
hydrogen-fueled supersonic combustion

990
00:23:22,600 --> 00:23:22,610
hydrogen-fueled supersonic combustion
 

991
00:23:22,610 --> 00:23:27,280
hydrogen-fueled supersonic combustion
ramjet engine or scramjet engine is now

992
00:23:27,280 --> 00:23:27,290
ramjet engine or scramjet engine is now
 

993
00:23:27,290 --> 00:23:29,410
ramjet engine or scramjet engine is now
being developed for speeds from about

994
00:23:29,410 --> 00:23:29,420
being developed for speeds from about
 

995
00:23:29,420 --> 00:23:34,240
being developed for speeds from about
Mach 7 to Mach 25 the engine uses the

996
00:23:34,240 --> 00:23:34,250
Mach 7 to Mach 25 the engine uses the
 

997
00:23:34,250 --> 00:23:36,910
Mach 7 to Mach 25 the engine uses the
velocity of the vehicle to compress air

998
00:23:36,910 --> 00:23:36,920
velocity of the vehicle to compress air
 

999
00:23:36,920 --> 00:23:40,660
velocity of the vehicle to compress air
as it is rammed into the intake this

1000
00:23:40,660 --> 00:23:40,670
as it is rammed into the intake this
 

1001
00:23:40,670 --> 00:23:42,730
as it is rammed into the intake this
compressed air is then mixed with

1002
00:23:42,730 --> 00:23:42,740
compressed air is then mixed with
 

1003
00:23:42,740 --> 00:23:45,850
compressed air is then mixed with
gaseous hydrogen at this stage to

1004
00:23:45,850 --> 00:23:45,860
gaseous hydrogen at this stage to
 

1005
00:23:45,860 --> 00:23:49,030
gaseous hydrogen at this stage to
generate high thrust a development on

1006
00:23:49,030 --> 00:23:49,040
generate high thrust a development on
 

1007
00:23:49,040 --> 00:23:52,180
generate high thrust a development on
which we will focus is materials here to

1008
00:23:52,180 --> 00:23:52,190
which we will focus is materials here to
 

1009
00:23:52,190 --> 00:23:54,290
which we will focus is materials here to
speak on that is Matt

1010
00:23:54,290 --> 00:23:54,300
speak on that is Matt
 

1011
00:23:54,300 --> 00:23:56,780
speak on that is Matt
with the advent of the the aerospace

1012
00:23:56,780 --> 00:23:56,790
with the advent of the the aerospace
 

1013
00:23:56,790 --> 00:24:00,710
with the advent of the the aerospace
plane there's become a need for a lot of

1014
00:24:00,710 --> 00:24:00,720
plane there's become a need for a lot of
 

1015
00:24:00,720 --> 00:24:02,450
plane there's become a need for a lot of
new material development beyond a shadow

1016
00:24:02,450 --> 00:24:02,460
new material development beyond a shadow
 

1017
00:24:02,460 --> 00:24:04,400
new material development beyond a shadow
of a doubt we need new materials all

1018
00:24:04,400 --> 00:24:04,410
of a doubt we need new materials all
 

1019
00:24:04,410 --> 00:24:07,310
of a doubt we need new materials all
right and these new materials will most

1020
00:24:07,310 --> 00:24:07,320
right and these new materials will most
 

1021
00:24:07,320 --> 00:24:09,620
right and these new materials will most
probably be composite materials but

1022
00:24:09,620 --> 00:24:09,630
probably be composite materials but
 

1023
00:24:09,630 --> 00:24:12,800
probably be composite materials but
instead of using a metal matrix based

1024
00:24:12,800 --> 00:24:12,810
instead of using a metal matrix based
 

1025
00:24:12,810 --> 00:24:16,700
instead of using a metal matrix based
composite will be using our epoxy based

1026
00:24:16,700 --> 00:24:16,710
composite will be using our epoxy based
 

1027
00:24:16,710 --> 00:24:18,050
composite will be using our epoxy based
will be using a metal matrix based

1028
00:24:18,050 --> 00:24:18,060
will be using a metal matrix based
 

1029
00:24:18,060 --> 00:24:21,430
will be using a metal matrix based
composite all right metal matrix being

1030
00:24:21,430 --> 00:24:21,440
composite all right metal matrix being
 

1031
00:24:21,440 --> 00:24:23,930
composite all right metal matrix being
copper for instance one of the big

1032
00:24:23,930 --> 00:24:23,940
copper for instance one of the big
 

1033
00:24:23,940 --> 00:24:26,390
copper for instance one of the big
problems NASA is facing with the advent

1034
00:24:26,390 --> 00:24:26,400
problems NASA is facing with the advent
 

1035
00:24:26,400 --> 00:24:29,240
problems NASA is facing with the advent
of the National aerospace plane deals

1036
00:24:29,240 --> 00:24:29,250
of the National aerospace plane deals
 

1037
00:24:29,250 --> 00:24:31,490
of the National aerospace plane deals
was not only finding the right materials

1038
00:24:31,490 --> 00:24:31,500
was not only finding the right materials
 

1039
00:24:31,500 --> 00:24:34,550
was not only finding the right materials
to use but in cooling them as well we

1040
00:24:34,550 --> 00:24:34,560
to use but in cooling them as well we
 

1041
00:24:34,560 --> 00:24:37,190
to use but in cooling them as well we
have to figure out some way of making a

1042
00:24:37,190 --> 00:24:37,200
have to figure out some way of making a
 

1043
00:24:37,200 --> 00:24:38,930
have to figure out some way of making a
very strong material that's going to

1044
00:24:38,930 --> 00:24:38,940
very strong material that's going to
 

1045
00:24:38,940 --> 00:24:40,280
very strong material that's going to
survive in a high temperature

1046
00:24:40,280 --> 00:24:40,290
survive in a high temperature
 

1047
00:24:40,290 --> 00:24:43,190
survive in a high temperature
environment and what we're going to have

1048
00:24:43,190 --> 00:24:43,200
environment and what we're going to have
 

1049
00:24:43,200 --> 00:24:46,460
environment and what we're going to have
to do is actively cool this material all

1050
00:24:46,460 --> 00:24:46,470
to do is actively cool this material all
 

1051
00:24:46,470 --> 00:24:48,220
to do is actively cool this material all
right by putting some kind of a

1052
00:24:48,220 --> 00:24:48,230
right by putting some kind of a
 

1053
00:24:48,230 --> 00:24:50,450
right by putting some kind of a
cryogenic fluid behind a gaseous

1054
00:24:50,450 --> 00:24:50,460
cryogenic fluid behind a gaseous
 

1055
00:24:50,460 --> 00:24:52,130
cryogenic fluid behind a gaseous
hydrogen or liquid hydrogen which is

1056
00:24:52,130 --> 00:24:52,140
hydrogen or liquid hydrogen which is
 

1057
00:24:52,140 --> 00:24:55,430
hydrogen or liquid hydrogen which is
very cold and X is a good heat transfer

1058
00:24:55,430 --> 00:24:55,440
very cold and X is a good heat transfer
 

1059
00:24:55,440 --> 00:24:56,690
very cold and X is a good heat transfer
medium to take heat away from the

1060
00:24:56,690 --> 00:24:56,700
medium to take heat away from the
 

1061
00:24:56,700 --> 00:25:00,260
medium to take heat away from the
leading edge so on on one side of the of

1062
00:25:00,260 --> 00:25:00,270
leading edge so on on one side of the of
 

1063
00:25:00,270 --> 00:25:02,060
leading edge so on on one side of the of
the material on the inside of the wing

1064
00:25:02,060 --> 00:25:02,070
the material on the inside of the wing
 

1065
00:25:02,070 --> 00:25:03,110
the material on the inside of the wing
for instance there'll be a lot of

1066
00:25:03,110 --> 00:25:03,120
for instance there'll be a lot of
 

1067
00:25:03,120 --> 00:25:05,360
for instance there'll be a lot of
coolant rushing through to cool the

1068
00:25:05,360 --> 00:25:05,370
coolant rushing through to cool the
 

1069
00:25:05,370 --> 00:25:07,220
coolant rushing through to cool the
inside down and on the outside you'll

1070
00:25:07,220 --> 00:25:07,230
inside down and on the outside you'll
 

1071
00:25:07,230 --> 00:25:09,770
inside down and on the outside you'll
have a very hot surface and that is why

1072
00:25:09,770 --> 00:25:09,780
have a very hot surface and that is why
 

1073
00:25:09,780 --> 00:25:11,390
have a very hot surface and that is why
we need the high heat conductivity with

1074
00:25:11,390 --> 00:25:11,400
we need the high heat conductivity with
 

1075
00:25:11,400 --> 00:25:12,530
we need the high heat conductivity with
our instance you look at fighter jets

1076
00:25:12,530 --> 00:25:12,540
our instance you look at fighter jets
 

1077
00:25:12,540 --> 00:25:14,750
our instance you look at fighter jets
that's travel Mach 1 or Mach 2 or even

1078
00:25:14,750 --> 00:25:14,760
that's travel Mach 1 or Mach 2 or even
 

1079
00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:17,360
that's travel Mach 1 or Mach 2 or even
the Concorde which goes up to Mach 2 you

1080
00:25:17,360 --> 00:25:17,370
the Concorde which goes up to Mach 2 you
 

1081
00:25:17,370 --> 00:25:18,950
the Concorde which goes up to Mach 2 you
see that their wings are very narrow at

1082
00:25:18,950 --> 00:25:18,960
see that their wings are very narrow at
 

1083
00:25:18,960 --> 00:25:21,860
see that their wings are very narrow at
the leading edges okay and there's a

1084
00:25:21,860 --> 00:25:21,870
the leading edges okay and there's a
 

1085
00:25:21,870 --> 00:25:23,270
the leading edges okay and there's a
problem with that because the smaller

1086
00:25:23,270 --> 00:25:23,280
problem with that because the smaller
 

1087
00:25:23,280 --> 00:25:25,330
problem with that because the smaller
the leading edge gets the more difficult

1088
00:25:25,330 --> 00:25:25,340
the leading edge gets the more difficult
 

1089
00:25:25,340 --> 00:25:28,400
the leading edge gets the more difficult
it is to cool and the hotter it gets

1090
00:25:28,400 --> 00:25:28,410
it is to cool and the hotter it gets
 

1091
00:25:28,410 --> 00:25:30,950
it is to cool and the hotter it gets
because it's such a small it's just such

1092
00:25:30,950 --> 00:25:30,960
because it's such a small it's just such
 

1093
00:25:30,960 --> 00:25:33,020
because it's such a small it's just such
a small point lying out there in the

1094
00:25:33,020 --> 00:25:33,030
a small point lying out there in the
 

1095
00:25:33,030 --> 00:25:36,830
a small point lying out there in the
free stream that it gets it gets very

1096
00:25:36,830 --> 00:25:36,840
free stream that it gets it gets very
 

1097
00:25:36,840 --> 00:25:39,770
free stream that it gets it gets very
warm very quickly the National aerospace

1098
00:25:39,770 --> 00:25:39,780
warm very quickly the National aerospace
 

1099
00:25:39,780 --> 00:25:42,320
warm very quickly the National aerospace
plane is one of the projects being

1100
00:25:42,320 --> 00:25:42,330
plane is one of the projects being
 

1101
00:25:42,330 --> 00:25:45,230
plane is one of the projects being
developed by NASA for future space use

1102
00:25:45,230 --> 00:25:45,240
developed by NASA for future space use
 

1103
00:25:45,240 --> 00:25:48,290
developed by NASA for future space use
but we cannot expect it to do all of our

1104
00:25:48,290 --> 00:25:48,300
but we cannot expect it to do all of our
 

1105
00:25:48,300 --> 00:25:50,810
but we cannot expect it to do all of our
work in space the National aerospace

1106
00:25:50,810 --> 00:25:50,820
work in space the National aerospace
 

1107
00:25:50,820 --> 00:25:53,630
work in space the National aerospace
plane being something that will possibly

1108
00:25:53,630 --> 00:25:53,640
plane being something that will possibly
 

1109
00:25:53,640 --> 00:25:57,710
plane being something that will possibly
be able to supplement the shuttle fleet

1110
00:25:57,710 --> 00:25:57,720
be able to supplement the shuttle fleet
 

1111
00:25:57,720 --> 00:25:59,900
be able to supplement the shuttle fleet
or or maybe even replace it but

1112
00:25:59,900 --> 00:25:59,910
or or maybe even replace it but
 

1113
00:25:59,910 --> 00:26:02,510
or or maybe even replace it but
obviously if you have an airplane that

1114
00:26:02,510 --> 00:26:02,520
obviously if you have an airplane that
 

1115
00:26:02,520 --> 00:26:04,190
obviously if you have an airplane that
can take off from a runway and go to

1116
00:26:04,190 --> 00:26:04,200
can take off from a runway and go to
 

1117
00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:07,010
can take off from a runway and go to
orbit with some people in it and go

1118
00:26:07,010 --> 00:26:07,020
orbit with some people in it and go
 

1119
00:26:07,020 --> 00:26:08,510
orbit with some people in it and go
the space station for instance or

1120
00:26:08,510 --> 00:26:08,520
the space station for instance or
 

1121
00:26:08,520 --> 00:26:11,780
the space station for instance or
something like that obviously it would

1122
00:26:11,780 --> 00:26:11,790
something like that obviously it would
 

1123
00:26:11,790 --> 00:26:14,060
something like that obviously it would
have to be capable of shuttle type

1124
00:26:14,060 --> 00:26:14,070
have to be capable of shuttle type
 

1125
00:26:14,070 --> 00:26:18,920
have to be capable of shuttle type
operations as far as payload goes I

1126
00:26:18,920 --> 00:26:18,930
operations as far as payload goes I
 

1127
00:26:18,930 --> 00:26:20,600
operations as far as payload goes I
think moving big things like space

1128
00:26:20,600 --> 00:26:20,610
think moving big things like space
 

1129
00:26:20,610 --> 00:26:22,580
think moving big things like space
station components or say for instance

1130
00:26:22,580 --> 00:26:22,590
station components or say for instance
 

1131
00:26:22,590 --> 00:26:25,250
station components or say for instance
they want to go to Mars and they have to

1132
00:26:25,250 --> 00:26:25,260
they want to go to Mars and they have to
 

1133
00:26:25,260 --> 00:26:26,600
they want to go to Mars and they have to
get some big boosters up there or

1134
00:26:26,600 --> 00:26:26,610
get some big boosters up there or
 

1135
00:26:26,610 --> 00:26:28,220
get some big boosters up there or
something like that I don't see the

1136
00:26:28,220 --> 00:26:28,230
something like that I don't see the
 

1137
00:26:28,230 --> 00:26:30,470
something like that I don't see the
national aerospace plane taking that

1138
00:26:30,470 --> 00:26:30,480
national aerospace plane taking that
 

1139
00:26:30,480 --> 00:26:32,480
national aerospace plane taking that
kind of payload up there the National

1140
00:26:32,480 --> 00:26:32,490
kind of payload up there the National
 

1141
00:26:32,490 --> 00:26:35,270
kind of payload up there the National
aerospace plane is expected to yield a

1142
00:26:35,270 --> 00:26:35,280
aerospace plane is expected to yield a
 

1143
00:26:35,280 --> 00:26:37,790
aerospace plane is expected to yield a
high payoff for the United States in the

1144
00:26:37,790 --> 00:26:37,800
high payoff for the United States in the
 

1145
00:26:37,800 --> 00:26:41,450
high payoff for the United States in the
early 21st century with reduced space

1146
00:26:41,450 --> 00:26:41,460
early 21st century with reduced space
 

1147
00:26:41,460 --> 00:26:44,720
early 21st century with reduced space
launch costs vastly reduced transit time

1148
00:26:44,720 --> 00:26:44,730
launch costs vastly reduced transit time
 

1149
00:26:44,730 --> 00:26:47,390
launch costs vastly reduced transit time
on long-haul air routes major

1150
00:26:47,390 --> 00:26:47,400
on long-haul air routes major
 

1151
00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:49,700
on long-haul air routes major
investments by private enterprise in

1152
00:26:49,700 --> 00:26:49,710
investments by private enterprise in
 

1153
00:26:49,710 --> 00:26:52,670
investments by private enterprise in
commercial space ventures and sustained

1154
00:26:52,670 --> 00:26:52,680
commercial space ventures and sustained
 

1155
00:26:52,680 --> 00:26:56,090
commercial space ventures and sustained
us preeminence in aeronautics with all

1156
00:26:56,090 --> 00:26:56,100
us preeminence in aeronautics with all
 

1157
00:26:56,100 --> 00:26:58,880
us preeminence in aeronautics with all
of the social and economic benefits that

1158
00:26:58,880 --> 00:26:58,890
of the social and economic benefits that
 

1159
00:26:58,890 --> 00:27:02,270
of the social and economic benefits that
accompany it this is a Mariko forest

1160
00:27:02,270 --> 00:27:02,280
accompany it this is a Mariko forest
 

1161
00:27:02,280 --> 00:27:03,680
accompany it this is a Mariko forest
area wishing you would buy and hope

1162
00:27:03,680 --> 00:27:03,690
area wishing you would buy and hope
 

1163
00:27:03,690 --> 00:27:05,840
area wishing you would buy and hope
you've enjoyed our show I hope you walk

1164
00:27:05,840 --> 00:27:05,850
you've enjoyed our show I hope you walk
 

1165
00:27:05,850 --> 00:27:07,880
you've enjoyed our show I hope you walk
along the future path again with me at

1166
00:27:07,880 --> 00:27:07,890
along the future path again with me at
 

1167
00:27:07,890 --> 00:27:09,290
along the future path again with me at
NASA's Lewis Research Center in

1168
00:27:09,290 --> 00:27:09,300
NASA's Lewis Research Center in
 

1169
00:27:09,300 --> 00:28:47,039
NASA's Lewis Research Center in
Cleveland Ohio

1170
00:28:47,039 --> 00:28:47,049

 

1171
00:28:47,049 --> 00:28:49,110

you